Spatial Pattern and Urban Structure Transformation for Mitigating Traffic Congestion in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia
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Rapid urban expansion and rising vehicle ownership have intensified traffic congestion in Banda Aceh City, underscoring the need to understand how spatial transformation shapes transportation system performance. This study investigates the effects of spatial pattern and urban structure transformation on traffic congestion by integrating urban spatial characteristics, travel behavior, and traffic performance within a quantitative path analysis framework. Secondary data were obtained from the Banda Aceh Spatial Plan (RTRW 2009–2029), the Banda Aceh Transportation Agency, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2023), Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses, and previous travel surveys. The analysis examined 43 representative road segments across nine administrative districts, using variables related to spatial structure, land-use intensity, transportation network connectivity, travel behavior, and roadway performance. The results indicate that districts with higher land use intensity and greater concentrations of commercial and public activities consistently experience higher traffic volumes and roadway saturation. Jalan Iskandar Muda recorded the highest Volume-to-Capacity (V/C) Ratio of 0.87 (Level of Service E), while Baiturrahman District exhibited the most critical traffic conditions. Conversely, Meuraxa and Kuta Raja maintained relatively uncongested traffic conditions with V/C ratios below 0.30. The projection scenario, assuming an annual vehicle growth rate of 6%, indicates that five of the ten busiest road segments will deteriorate to Level of Service F by 2030 if roadway capacity remains unchanged. The findings demonstrate that traffic congestion is primarily driven by the interactions among spatial structure, land-use intensity, transportation network connectivity, and travel behavior rather than by vehicle growth alone. This study provides an integrated analytical framework to support evidence-based spatial planning and recommends land-use restructuring, improved network connectivity, and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) as strategic approaches to mitigate long-term traffic congestion in Banda Aceh City.
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